CBSE 12th Class Chemistry Syllabus

Course Structure

Units	Topics	Marks
I	Solid State	11
II	Solutions	11
III	Electrochemistry	4
IV	Chemical Kinetics	21
V	Surface Chemistry
VI	Isolation of Elements
VII	p-Block Elements
VIII	d-and f-Block Elements	16
IX	Coordination Compounds
X	Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
XI	Alcohols, Phenols & Ethers
XII	Aldhydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids	18
XIII	Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen
XIV	Biomolecules
XV	Polymers
XVI	Chemistry in Everyday Life
Practical Work		30
I	Volumetric Analysis	10
II	Salt Analysis	8
III	Content Based Experiment	6
IV	Class record, project work & viva	6
Total		70

Course Syllabus

Unit I: Solid State

Classification of solids based on different binding forces −
- Molecular
- Ionic
- covalent and metallic solids
- amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea)
Unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices
Calculation of density of unit cell
Packing in solids
Packing efficiency
Voids
Number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell
Point defects
Electrical and magnetic properties
Band theory of −
- Metals
- Conductors
- Semiconductors
- Insulators
- n & p type semiconductors

Unit II: Solutions

Types of solutions

Expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids
Solubility of gases in liquids
Solid solutions
Colligative properties – relative lowering of vapour pressure
Raoult’s law
Elevation of boiling point
Depression of freezing point
Osmotic pressure
Determination of molecular masses using colligative properties
Abnormal molecular mass
Van’t hoff factor

Unit III: Electrochemistry

Redox reactions
Conductance in electrolytic solutions
Specific and molar conductivity
Variations of conductivity with concentration
Kohlrausch’s law
Electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea)
Dry cell – electrolytic cells and galvanic cells
Lead accumulator
Emf of a cell
Standard electrode potential
Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells
Relation between gibbs energy change and emf of a cell
Fuel cells
Corrosion

Unit IV: Chemical Kinetics

Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous)
Factors affecting rate of reaction −
- Concentration
- Temperature
- Catalyst
Order and molecularity of a reaction
Rate law and specific rate constant
Integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first order reactions)
Concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment)
Activation energy
Arrhenious equation

Unit V: Surface Chemistry

Adsorption −
- Physisorption
- Chemisorption
Factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids
Catalysis
Homogenous and heterogeneous activity and selectivity
Enzyme catalysis colloidal state distinction between true solutions colloids and suspension
Lyophilic
Lyophobic multi-molecular and macromolecular colloids
Properties of colloids
Tyndall effect
Brownian movement
Electrophoresis
Coagulation
Emulsion −
- Types of emulsions

Unit VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

Principles and methods of extraction – concentration, oxidation, reduction – electrolytic method and refining
Occurrence and principles of extraction of −
- Aluminium
- Copper
- Zinc
- Iron

Unit VII: p – Block Elements

Group 15 Elements −

General introduction
Electronic configuration
Occurrence
Oxidation states
Trends in physical and chemical properties
Nitrogen preparation properties & uses
Compounds of nitrogen
preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid
oxides of nitrogen (Structure only)
Phosphorus – allotropic forms, compounds of phosphorus
Preparation and properties of phosphine, halides PCl₃, PCl₅ and oxoacids (elementary idea only)

Group 16 Elements −

General introduction
Electronic configuration
Oxidation states
Occurrence
Trends in physical and chemical properties
Dioxygen − preparation, properties and uses
Classification of oxides, ozone, sulphure – allotropic forms
Compounds of sulphure
Preparation properties and uses of sulphur-dioxide, sulphuric acid
Industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses
Oxoacids of sulphur (structures only)

Group 17 Elements −

General introduction
Electronic configuration
Oxidation states
Occurrence
Trends in physical and chemical properties
Compounds of halogens
Preparation properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid
Interhalogen compounds
Oxoacids of halogens (structures only)

Group 18 Elements −

General introduction
Electronic configuration
Occurrence
Trends in physical and chemical properties
Uses

Unit VIII: d and f Block Elements

General introduction
Electronic configuration
Occurrence and characteristics of transition metals
General trends in properties of the first row transition metals −
- Metallic character
- Ionization enthalpy
- Oxidation states
- Ionic radii
- Colour
- Catalytic property
- Magnetic properties
- Interstitial compounds
- Alloy formation
- Preparation and properties of k₂cr₂o₇ and kmno₄
Lanthanoids −
- Electronic configuration
- Oxidation states
- Chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences
Actinoids −
- Electronic configuration
- Oxidation states
- Comparison with lanthanoids

Unit IX: Coordination Compounds

Coordination compounds −
- Introduction
- Ligands
- Coordination number
- Colour
- Magnetic properties and shapes
- IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds
- Bonding
- Werner’s theory
- VBT and CFT
- Structure and stereo isomerism
- Importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative inclusion, extraction of metals and biological system)

Unit X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Haloalkanes −
- Nomenclature
- Nature of c-x bond
- Physical and chemical properties
- Mechanism of substitution reactions
- Optical rotation
Haloarenes −
- Nature of C -X bond
- substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only.
Uses and environmental effects of −
- Dichloromethane
- Trichloromethane
- Tetrachloromethane
- Iodoform freons
- DDT

Unit XI: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Alcohols −
- Nomenclature
- Methods of preparation
- Physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only)
- Identification of primary
- Secondary and tertiary alcohols
- Mechanism of dehydration
- Uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol
Phenols −
- Nomenclature
- Methods of preparation
- Physical and chemical properties
- Acidic nature of phenol
- Electrophillic substitution reactions
- Uses of phenols
Ethers −
- Nomenclature
- Methods of preparation
- Physical and chemical properties
- Uses

Unit XII: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes and Ketones −
- Nomenclature
- Nature of carbonyl group
- Methods of preparation
- Physical and chemical properties
- Mechanism of nucleophillic addition
- Reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes
- Uses
Carboxylic Acids −
- Nomenclature
- Acidic nature
- Methods of preparation
- Physical and chemical properties
- Uses

Unit XIII: Organic compounds containing Nitrogen

Amines −
- Nomenclature
- Classification
- Structure
- Methods of preparation
- Physical and chemical properties
- Uses
- Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines
Cyanides and Isocyanides – will be mentioned at relevant places in context
Diazonium salts −
- Preparation
- Chemical reactions
- Importance in synthetic organic chemistry

Unit XIV: Biomolecules

Carbohydrates −
- Classification (aldoses and ketoses)
- Monosaccahrides (glucose and fructose)
- D-l configuration
- Oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
- Polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen) importance
Proteins −
- Elementary idea of α – amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins
- Structure of proteins – primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary (qualitative idea only)
- Denaturation of proteins
Enzymes
Hormones −
- Elementary idea excluding structure
Vitamins −
- Classification
- Functions
Nucleic Acids −
- DNA
- RNA

Unit XV: Polymers

Classification −
- Natural
- Synthetic
Methods of polymerization (addition and condensation)
Copolymerization
Some important polymers: natural and synthetic like −
- Polythene
- Nylon polyesters
- Bakelite
- Rubber
Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers

Unit XVI: Chemistry in Everyday life

Chemicals in medicines −
- Analgesics
- Tranquilizers antiseptics
- Disinfectants
- Antimicrobials
- Antifertility drugs
- Antibiotics
- Antacids
- Antihistamines
Chemicals in food −
- Preservations
- Artificial sweetening agents
- Elementary idea of antioxidants
Cleansing agents −
- Soaps
- Detergents
- Cleansing action

Practical Syllabus

Section A. Surface Chemistry

a) Preparation of one lyophilic and one lyophobic

sol Lyophilic sol – starch, egg albumin and gum

Lyophobic sol – aluminium hydroxide, ferric hydroxide, arsenous sulphide.

b) Dialysis of sol-prepared in (a) above.

c) Study of the role of emulsifying agents in stabilizing the emulsion of different oils.

Section B. Chemical Kinetics

a) Effect of concentration and temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid.

b) Study of reaction rates of any one of the following −

i. Reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature using different concentration of iodide ions.

ii. Reaction between potassium iodate, (KIO₃) and sodium sulphite: (Na₂SO₃) using starch solution as indicator (clock reaction).

Section C. Thermochemistry

Any one of the following experiments

a) Enthalpy of dissolution of copper sulphate or potassium nitrate.

b) Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid (HCI) and strong base (NaOH).

c) Determination of enthaply change during interaction (Hydrogen bond formation) between acetone and chloroform.

Section D. Electrochemistry

a) Variation of cell potential in Zn/Zn²⁺|| Cu²⁺/Cu with change in concentration of electrolytes (CuSO₄ or ZnSO₄) at room temperature

Section E. Chromatography

b) Separation of pigments from extracts of leaves and flowers by paper chromatography and determination of Rf values.

c) Separation of constituents present in an inorganic mixture containing two cations only (constituents having large difference in Rf values to be provided).

Section F. Preparation of Inorganic Compounds

a) Preparation of double salt of ferrous ammonium sulphate or potash alum.

b) Preparation of potassium ferric oxalate.

Section G. Preparation of Organic Compounds

Preparation of any one of the following compounds

a) Acetanilide

b) Di -benzal acetone

c) p-Nitroacetanilide

d) Aniline yellow or 2 – Naphthol aniline dye.3

Section H. Tests for the functional groups present in organic compounds

a) Unsaturation, alcoholic, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, carboxylic and amino (Primary) groups

Section I. Characteristic tests of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in pure samples and their detection in given food stuffs.

Section J. Determination of concentration/ molarity of KMnO₄ solution by titrating it against a standard solution of −

b) Oxalic acid

c) Ferrous ammonium sulphate

K. Qualitative analysis

Determination of one cation and one anion in a given salt.

Cation − Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, As³⁺, Fe³⁺, Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Mg²⁺, NH₄⁺

Anions − Co^2-₃, S^2- , SO^2-₃, SO^2-₄, NO^–₂, NO^–₃, Cl^–, Br^–, I^–, PO^3-₄, C₂O^2-₄, CH₃COO^–

PROJECT

Scientific investigations involving laboratory testing and collecting information from other sources.

Students can choose a project from the following topics with their teachers’ approval −

Study of the presence of oxalate ions in guava fruit at different stages of ripening
Study of quantity of casein present in different samples of milk
Preparation of soybean milk and its comparison with the natural milk with respect to curd formation, effect of temperature, etc
Study of the effect of potassium bisulphate as food preservative under various conditions (temperature, concentration, time etc.
Study of digestion of starch by salivary amylase and effect of pH and temperature on it.
Comparative study of the rate of fermentation of following materials: wheat flour, gram flour, potato juice, carrot juice etc.
Extraction of essential oils present in Saunf (aniseed), Ajwain (carum), Illaichi (cardamom).
Study of common food adulterants in fat, oil, butter, sugar, turmeric power, chilli powder and pepper.